SCA

Split Happens?

Published by mpark6288

Split Happens?

Or

Cutting off the Nose to Spite the Outlands

 

(Note: If you hate those SCA heavy posts, you’ll hate this one too.  It focuses on a problem specific to the SCA Kingdom of the Outlands, which you can find at www.outlands.org).

(N.B. I am not a pure outside observer to what’s going on in the Outlands.  I began in the Outlands and played from 2004-2008 there.  My peers are in the Outlands, I have Outlands awards, and there will always be a part of me that is Outlands green just like there is now an equal part of me that will always be Calontir purple.)

This article has changed tone several times since the announcement the Outlands is considering splitting hit Facebook.  Both as I’ve considered it, and as new information has come to light.  It seems to me to be a flame that burned very brightly, but one that I do not think will continue.  In short, I do not think the split will happen.  But I do think there are options that can be pursued to relieve the very valid tensions that the Kingdom feels.

Why is it dead?

Reason number one why I do not believe a split will proceed is the one that is the one I’ve most consistently felt, although in the end it may not be the most damning.  The reason is one that has been well articulated on the Facebook page as the “Who stays the Outlands” problem.  The easy answer is “the part that leaves”, but that is no answer until we know which half of the Kingdom is proposed to be the Principality—and that’s when the real fight will begin.

I really do believe this fight would be ugly and destructive.  If you think it would go smoothly, then I’d ask you to consider a thought experiment: How do you fairly decide which side gets to keep the Stag’s Blood as an award?  The Outlands lineage of Knights and the baby chain?  Lightning and Thunder?  Men and women on both sides of the Outlands have given blood, sweat, and tears to make these things and so many more have meaning, and the idea that it will not cause rollicking fights no matter which side gets to keep it is almost insane.

The other issue is the political situation of it.  How will the north feel if it is a southern King who decides they will be the principality and eventually leave?  How will the south feel if it is a northern King?  Or equally bad, how many people will accuse a southern King of having betrayed the south if they are chosen?  Or the same for a northern one.  How do you decide who is going to give up, eventually, all the things that make the Outlands the Outlands without it feeling like the ultimate betrayal?  The idea floating around that this would be a process that would leave us brotherly and thick as thieves is not one I believe in.  How do we feel most of the time about Atenveldt?  How does Calontir feel about the Middle, the way that break went?

Reason number two is the timing.  While there is nothing that stops the Board of Directors from creating Kingdoms out of whole cloth, they won’t do it.  Becoming a Principality is a step that comes after you have shown you can function administratively on your own, and is a step itself that lasts not less than three or four years by itself.  The fact that the Board can speed it up, since they are the Board, does not mean that they will speed it up.  And the fact that they won’t speed it up doesn’t make them an evil cabal, it makes them cautious.  It is way more work and trauma to undo an elevation like this, especially if it is to a Kingdom, then to simply wait and make sure it is the right thing.  I wouldn’t expect the Principality stage to last less than half a decade, given that the Outlands has not ever really had fully official regions.  Yes deputies exist for each area, but that’s not the same as the first step of “You’re on your own.”

And there is, frankly, no good reason for them to speed it up.  The tensions felt by Outlanders are real and I do not try to belittle them by any means, but from a Board perspective they are not substantially different than any other potential Kingdom split.  Do we believe that either half of the Outlands feels far greater remoteness or abandonment by the other than Calontir felt in the Middle?  Or Northshield?  Are our regional tensions so unique and strained that we are different than any other Kingdom that has ever had a splinter group or considered a Principality?  The answer is ultimately no.  We are not on the verge of civil war, and even if we were then a quickened split would probably not be the first solution they would consider.  We are looking at a long term process, and a long term process solves long term problems.

Reason three is simply the number of members, and it is perhaps the most damning.  Kathryn Ballard posted the membership numbers for all of the Kingdoms, a document she received from SCA corporate itself.  These numbers are the only information that the Board has to go on for the activity level of a Kingdom (which is why membership is so important), so any anecdotes or data that can be brought up about the number of non-member participants is meaningless unless we believe they will all purchase memberships and keep them up for the next 5-10 years (see above).

The numbers revealed that the Outlands has 1467 members on the books, which puts us right in the middle range of other Kingdoms.  More than some, less than others, but neither one of the smaller Kingdoms nor one of the larger ones.  For comparison the smallest U.S. Kingdoms are Ealdormere with 578, Artemisia with 848, and then Nortshield with 939 and Glean Abhann with 957 effectively tied for third (18 members out of one thousand is within the margin of ‘people with memberships that will expire this year and will not renew or will buy it for the first time this year’).

(Note: I am ignoring the numbers for Drachenwald and Lochac.  Both of these Kingdoms have other corporations in them that handle their own memberships, and thus would not be on the list.  Lochac’s 4 members are probably U.S. transplants with active memberships, or people who wanted to support the main corporation.  Drachenwald’s numbers do not, I believe, include members in the corporation that covers the Principality of Nordmark and are thus artificially low).

Assuming an even split (and I am not entirely convinced it would be an even split) that would leave the Northern and Southern Kingdoms with ~750 members each.  This would make them the second and third smallest Kingdoms in the U.S. and probably the Known World, below Artemisia but above Ealdormere.  While each half of the Kingdom would be above the Corpora requirement of 400 paid members the Board always looks for significantly more than that.  The minimums create the lowest level at which a Kingdom can ride, but it is commonly understood that a healthy group will have more.

Looking at it from the Board’s perspective there is not a lot of incentive to transition a healthy Kingdom in the middle of the population range and transition it to among the smallest Kingdoms in the world.  Doing so puts them in risk of getting down to the minimum (and it being far more traumatic to dissolve then to create), and diminishes the impact and prestige of that Kingdom.  Each constituent Kingdom would send fewer representatives to wars that they would as a result do and volunteer less at, which are many of the ways we measure our Kingdoms against one another.  And the Outlands is, as it stands, a healthy and impactful group.  It is a major participant in one of the major wars (Estrella) and is hosting an event that is growing and gaining more inter-kingdom notice (Battlemoor).  It has members that serve with distinction at all levels and do noticeable things.  On top of this recruitment society wide is not trending upward—we are losing members.

I do not see a world in which the Board will seriously consider two Kingdoms unless each half of that had at least 900-1000 members.  This fuels the timing issue above, where it may well consider a principality but would not split it off until it had reached a milestone of growth, and that milestone is unlikely to be achieved in one or two years.

Between the potential ugliness of the split, the long window not solving what people feel are immediate concerns, and the number of members that each Kingdom would have, I do not believe the solution to the problem is to branch off a new Kingdom.  So what is the solution?  The short answer is I don’t know.  I see a couple of possible options, almost all of which have been brought up.

Solution 1: You get a Principality!  And you get a Principality!

A principality does not have to ever split off, and there are principalities that in all likelihood will never split off.  Oertha (Alaska) is unlikely to ever have the people or structure to be a full Kingdom, but that doesn’t stop it from being an enjoyable group that accomplishes a worthwhile goal of providing structure and representation.  There is nothing to stop the Outlands from creating a Principality like this, with the goal of easing some of those issues and creating more opportunities for recognition and representation.

There is not, in any corporate document I can see, anything stopping the two principality idea either.  While it has been mentioned the Board has some policies on the creation of principalities where they would cover the whole territory, but those did not seem to apply to what the Outlands is proposing (two vs. one principality).  And even if it is these are simple policies of the Board and not binding corporate law—they can be modified based on the Board and whatever exigent circumstances might present themselves.  In my opinion the circumstances of the Outlands (travel time, two large regional differences, no one wanting to give up being the Outlands but wanting more autonomy) would be more compelling for two principalities than it would for a separate Kingdom.

The issue that has been brought up with this is three times the officers, and six coronations and crown/coronet tournaments per year.  The officer issue is one that rings true, but as has been pointed out there are already northern and southern deputies for most offices.  While these would not be an automatically easy transition to a chief Kingdom officer, the transition to a chief Principality officer would be less traumatic and still have the backup of the Kingdom officer in case of emergency.  As for the Crown/Coronet Tourneys and Coronation, it is important to remember that the Crown does not have to go to a Principality’s coronet tourney or investiture/coronation.  By Corpora they are only required to go the Crown they run, and their successors coronation, as well as whatever other events Kingdom law requires them to go to.  Imagine how many times Oertha sees the Crown, or the Palatine Baronies of the world (Far West in Asia, the Western Seas in Hawaii, Allyshia in Humboldt County CA) see the Crown for their versions of these.  It could be law or tradition that each Crown only had to go to one, and which one they went to could be fixed or alternate or simply that the tradition was they should try to if they could.  No officer would be forced to go to the other Principality’s big events (although they would be welcome no doubt), only their own and the Kingdom’s.

This would solve the issue of feeling isolated from the Crown, give people more big events close by to travel to, introduce more autonomy and northern/southern culture and give the Outlands Viscounts (which are neat).  Its downside would be start-up costs in regalia/heraldry/effort, that it would not give complete autonomy and that it would require officers to go to four more (admittedly local) events.

Solution 2: Bailiffs, Warlords, and Wardens (Oh my!)

The second solution is to institute ‘unofficial’ Principalities.  Before it was a Principality, Calontir had a Bailiff and then a series of Warlords.  These Warlords were selected through a tournament, served first as Champion and then Warlord, and had some devolved powers from the Midrealm.  These positions do not exist at the Corpora level and are thus not regulated by the same requirements as Crown/Coronet tournaments, and only have as much or as little devolved power as the Crown chooses to grant them (within the bounds of Corpora).

There is nothing that would stop the Outlands from instituting this style of leadership in the two halves of the Kingdom and devolving an amount of power to them that it felt was appropriate.  The Crown can allow anyone it wants to give out awards in its name save for Peerages and other limitations of Kingdom law, so it could give out awards.  It can also set restrictions on awards (such as ‘May only be awarded in the Northern/Southern region’) as it sees fit.  Through this method there could be representation, regional events of grandeur and style that people would not have to travel as far to, and the sense of friendly rivalry and regional identity that a Principality would bring, without requiring Board action.  The Warlord would serve as a champion and cheerleader for their half of the Kingdom and enjoy whatever styles or titles the Crown wanted (see, e.g., the Lord of Outlandish and the Doge of Caer Galen).

The downside to this solution is that it is only institutionalized within the Outlands.  Other Kingdom would be under no obligation to recognize the regional Bailiffs or Wardens, and it might be looked on with vague disfavor (although it is absolutely legal under corporate law).  Also ‘Warden of the North’ and ‘Warden of the South’ sound like Game of Thrones, which could be a positive or a negative depending on who you ask.

Solution 3: Do Nothing

No action is also an option.  The status quo is that the Outlands is a good mid-sized Kingdom with a generally positive reputation.  There could be major attempts at cross-kingdom cultural change to bring everyone together that would require few changes to Kingdom Law or Board intervention.  An emphasis on kingdom wide events more than just Battlemoor, such as a definitive commitment to Kingdom A&S and Queen’s Prize every year, can bring people together—and the Outlands could pursue such options.

Solution 4: Whacky Solutions

So outside of the more standard solutions presented above there are other possible solutions that the Outlands could consider.  Note that I am not advocating any of these solutions, just demonstrating that there is a constellation of ideas outside of a split or principalities.

The Baronages of Caerthe and Al-Barran could each be made Palatine Baronies, selecting their Coronets through a tournament (A&S, heavy, rapier) every six months, and be given general guardianship over their half of the Kingdom.  It could be made a requirement of Grant and Peerage level orders to travel to the other half of the Kingdom twice a year.  The Outlands could seek a grant or hold a fundraiser to try to start a Kingdom-wide scholarship fund that non-royalty could apply to for travel expenses (similar to how the crown has the travel fund, and Unser Hafen has a scholarship fund for its populace).  The Outlands could drum up the funds to give me a $40,000+ per year salary and I’ll move back and travel every weekend.

I really like that last one.

Conclusion

Looking at everything I genuinely believe a Kingdom split won’t happen.  But there are a number of other options that could be considered, and I hope that the populace and the leadership of the Outlands will think about what it means to be a Kingdom and how to preserve that while coming up with creative ways to solve the issues it faces while remaining one unit.  As someone who loves the Outlands I encourage whatever committee it puts in place to think beyond one solution and embrace many different opinions, and bring non-peer members of the populace on to help it do so.

Theories of Punishment

Published by mpark6288

Scales-of-justice1

 

This post is primarily concerned with my participation in the Society for Creative Anachronism, although many of the things discussed can be seen as broadly educational or appropriate for adaptation to other groups and other situations.  If you have no interest in some of the underlying theories of criminal punishment, or issues facing organizations presented by participant expulsion, then this might not be for you.

In criminal law we concern ourselves not just with the application of punishment but with the underlying theories.  On what ethical or moral basis do we punish someone, and what should be the yard stick by which we measure whether a punishment is just?  Short of turning to biblical authority and the lex talionis on what grounds do we say we stand upon when we sentence another citizen to punishment?  Although even the law of the talio has a place.

When in the sphere of the law it is easy to simply say ‘If you break the law, you should be punished’ (and indeed this is the retributive theory of punishment listed below), because as a people we are founded on the rule of law that binds every citizen, and a government by the people has supreme legitimacy to deliver punishment.  It gets stickier when considering punishments as a voluntary society for voluntarily agreed upon guidelines, where there can be a sense that the rules are arbitrary.  In voluntary organizations like the Society for Creative Anachronism it is thus even more important that our punishments, most often a sanction against participation, be understandable through one or more of these lenses.  It is therefore highly important that those in a position to be imposing sanctions understand the theories of punishment and how they apply to our context.

Retributive

The retributive theory of punishment is the most basic understanding of punishment: That a violation of the social contract deserves punishment.  It is the understanding we first instill in our children: that rule breaking draws punishment.  And it is the lex talionis, the old “An eye for an eye.”

This is the simplest reason why an organization should punish a person.  Whether in the SCA or anything else (collecting society, music society, etc.) there are rules that are in place for some purpose.  To maintain a tax classification, to comply with local law, or even because they are the only way to do your activity in peace and safety, the rules exist for a reason.  But this is also the level that most demands the punishment should fit the crime.  The rule is not “a life for a hangnail,” after all, and similarly unbalanced sanctions offend the sense of proportion that this view instills in us.

Punishments that are done for retributive purposes must thus be carefully tailored to match the scope of the offense.  This can be seen in what we might consider “area specific” sanctions where appropriate, i.e. being denied the right to fight if a rules violation occurred in combat or not being allowed to serve as exchequer if financial rules are broken.  While there certainly are rules violations in combat or (even more so) finance that would rise to the level of full out removal from the game, our sense of retributive justice demands that the punishment be within a range of the crime.

Deterrence

Deterrence is the theory of punishment that most often occurs within the context of the death penalty, and the idea that it will deter others from engaging in those activities they could be executed for.  The question of whether it works or not is not the subject of this paper, but there is no denying that the thought of sending a message enters into many punishments in and out of the Society.  It is the desire to send a message to stop others from breaking the law that often leads to lengthy sentences and can, along with the retributive theory, lead to the death penalty.  These sentences can often be disproportionate to the crime, as in three strikes laws, in order to send a stronger message against rule-breaking.

In the Society this kind of punishment can be difficult to accomplish to satisfaction.  Many of our sanctions are based on individual circumstances that cannot frequently be replicated, are based on momentary lapses of judgment or bad decisions that are difficult to warn against, or are as a matter of course permanent anyway because of the nature of the infraction.  There is not often enough room to make a point, or equally often not a point to be made to others by making a sanction harsher.

Rehabilitative

The goal of a rehabilitation punishment is to allow a person to re-enter society after the punishment a cured or changed person, to as it is said go and sin no more.  The punishment should be one that allows them to undergo this healing and leave them in a position to re-enter society.  We see this through sentences in mental hospitals for mentally ill defendants, as well as prison programs offering distance education or job training to allow offenders to have a maximum chance of rejoining society and not falling into recidivism.  This is also the interpretation of punishment that leads to sentences involving therapy or twelve step programs, and any other opportunities for healing as either opposed to or in addition to standard terms of incarceration.

This is perhaps the second most common way in which we should view SCA sanctions.  Any sanction that is short of a full on revocation of membership should have a rehabilitative aspect to it.  Even if the person cannot be a signer on a checkbook again if they have broken the financial rules they may be allowed to serve in non-financial offices, or a fighter who takes step to address his issues on the field may be allowed to re-authorize after a certain amount of time.  No punishment in the SCA should be unintentionally permanent; it should either be intentionally permanent, or offer a method for the person to re-enter the Society or a section of it (although it may be permanent if they never choose to take these steps).  But part in parcel with rehabilitative punishment is that the rehabilitation offered should be reasonably achievable and reasonably related to what was done.

Incarceration/Protective

The final theory of punishment is as obvious, perhaps, as the first.  The incarceration theory—what I call the protective theory—is simply that someone who has shown they will not follow the rules needs to be kept away from the general populace, to protect society from their continued rule-breaking.  This is one of the rationales behind three strike laws, where if a person cannot stop from committing felony after felony they should be separated from the society they prey upon.  The fact that in some states it is possible to hit all three strikes in one event is a separate matter for a separate time.  The theory that recidivists and the criminally dangerous should be kept from ravaging society is a common underlying thought behind incarceration.

It is also, and should be, the main rationale behind SCA sanctions.  If someone is unsafe to his fellow fighters, he should not be allowed to put them in that position.  If someone cannot be trusted to not lose money, they should be kept away from the Society’s funds.  Through sanctions we protect both the participants of the Society and the Society itself, stopping those who would break our rules and mitigating potential future damages.  Without some mechanism not to inflict punishment on people but to protect the society from continuing violation of rules, significant damage can be done to the society as a whole; and as the recent lawsuit showed us, an issue in one Kingdom can pose an issue to the whole of the SCA.

So what’s the point of all of this, besides saving us the cost of law school?

The point is this: Whenever someone is in a position to be proscribing punishments in the SCA, they should consider the punishment in light of these lenses.  What is the goal of the sanction, and do the proposed terms best accomplish that goal or is there a better way to do it?

On its most basic levels whenever someone is sanctioned in the SCA it should be done to protect the SCA from some form of mis, mal, or nonfeasance.  The terms of the sanction should be the minimum required to protect the SCA, both so that it does not fail in its goal (and allows more damage to be done) and so that it does not go too far and restrict or remove someone more then they need to be.  The baseline should not be set to permanent revocation and denial of membership, as there is a reason why we have lesser sanctions (but nor should those not be pursued if needed).

And if a sanction can be given that is less than permanent removal from the Society, then it should accomplish one of the other goals of punishment by teaching the person sanctioned or the rest of the SCA in addition to protecting the SCA.  Of all the things we do the considerations around sanctions should be among the most carefully considered, to ensure their effect and appropriateness.  The lenses of punishment from criminal law are one way to be educated about the underlying goals of sanctions, and to keep them in mind.